Treating recycled water
Recycled water has been used for a range of non-drinking purposes around the world for several decades. Its use grew quickly in Australia during the Millennium Drought from 2000 to 2009.
Regulations and guidelines we follow
To produce and supply recycled water to you, we follow strict regulations and guidelines and treatment processes to make sure it’s safe to be used for its intended purpose.
- The Victorian guideline for water recycling (EPA Victoria)
- Outlines our legal obligations relating to recycled water under Victoria’s Environment Protection Act 2017 and General Environmental Duty (GED)
- Includes best practices for the safe and sustainable use of recycled water across Victoria.
- Has detailed requirements for risk assessment, treatment standards, and system management to protect public health and the environment.
- The Victorian guideline for irrigation with recycled water (EPA Victoria)
- The Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling
This national framework for safely managing recycled water use was developed under the National Water Quality Management Strategy.
We need approval to supply you with recycled water
To provide Class A recycled water to you, we need to demonstrate that we give our recycled water the proper treatment and have strict processes to detect and manage risks. These networks and schemes must be:
- approved by EPA Victoria
- endorsed by the Victorian Government’s Department of Health. For this to happen, we must submit a recycled water quality management plan (RWQMP) so the department can review and endorse the scheme.
Class C schemes and networks that recycle industrial water or supply more than one megalitre (1 million litres) of recycled water a day must also be approved by EPA Victoria (or an EPA -appointed auditor).
The Chief Veterinary Officer also needs to endorse schemes that supply water for livestock feed.
Treatment process for Class A recycled water
We put our Class A recycled water through an advanced treatment process involving several steps. We do this to make sure it meets strict regulations and guidelines and is safe for what it’s meant to be used for.
Primary treatment
- Removes large solids and grit.
- Settles out heavy particles.
Secondary treatment
- Uses bacteria to break down organic matter.
- Removes nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus.
Tertiary (advanced) treatment
- Uses filtration to removes fine particles.
- Uses ultraviolet (UV) disinfection to kill bacteria, viruses, and protozoa.
- Chlorination adds a final layer of protection.
- Ozone or membrane filtration may also be used for extra safety.
What we remove
Wastewater contains things that can be harmful to people and the environment. Here’s what we must remove to turn it into recycled water:
- 99.9999% Bacteria (e.g. E. coli)
- 99.99999% viruses
- 99.9999% Protozoa (e.g. Cryptosporidium)
- Helminths (parasitic worms like tapeworms)
- Solids and organic matter
Emerging contaminants in recycled water
Emerging contaminants are chemicals that are not completely removed or degraded through recycled water treatment processes. They’re natural or manmade chemicals that may cause known or suspected harm to our environment and/or human health, including:
- pharmaceuticals
- pesticides
- industrial chemicals
- herbicides
- personal care products
- endocrine disrupting compounds
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS).
What we’re doing
- We control how recycled water is used, which limits exposure to emerging contaminants.
- We use biological and other advanced treatment processes including filtration, ultraviolet disinfection and chlorination to remove or break down emerging contaminants.
- We monitor 500 chemicals across the emerging contaminants listed above, including PFAS. We sample our Class A recycled water every 6 months and our Class C recycled water every 12 months and check the results against human health and environment guidelines.
- We’re also investing in new technologies to turn biosolids into useful biochar and destroy PFAS. Biosolids are the solid organic material left over after sewage treatment.